Carbon tetrachloride – induce hepatotoxicity in rats: The potential effect of bread supplemented with dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) on the nutritional status
Rasha M. ARAFA, Mona MASSOUD EL-SAID, Manal K ABDEL-RAHMAN and Ashraf A. ABD EL-MEGEID
pp. 23-32
Our work interest has focused on the effect of dietary non-supplemented and supplemented bread with 1% and 2% of leaves and roots of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), on biochemical and histological parameters of rats with hepatotoxicity. Two main experimental groups were used in this experiment, in addition to, two-groups fed on basal diet or basal diet containing (200g unsupplemented bread), as negative control (NC) groups. The first and second main groups were divided into five subgroups (6 rats each). Subgroups (1) in the first and second main groups were fed on basal diet and basal diet containing 200g unsupplemented bread respectively, as positive control (PC) groups, subgroups (2 & 3) in the first and second main groups were fed on basal diet containing 1% and 2% leaves and basal diet containing 200 g bread supplemented with (5 and 10 g leaves/ 100 g bread) respectively, subgroups (4 & 5) in the first and second main groups were fed on basal diet containing 1% and 2% roots and basal diet containing 200g bread supplemented with (5 and 10 g roots/ 100g bread) respectively. On the day of 27 of the experiment, all animals except the negative control groups were administered with 20% CCl4 in liquid paraffin oil at a dose 5 ml/kg body weight to induce hepatotoxicity. During the experimental period (35 days), the diets consumed and body weights were recorded twice weekly. Injected rats with CCl4 showed defectiveness in all parameters. Rats with hepatotoxicity were fed on basal diet containing the two levels from leaves or roots of dandelion (1% and 2%), or basal diet containing supplemented bread with the same levels from them led to decrease in serum (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low and very low density lipoprotein, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin and liver functions) significantly, while high density lipoprotein and total iron increased significantly (p< 0.05), as compared to the PC groups. These data indicate that, groups of rats treated with supplemented or non-supplemented bread with high level from leaves or roots of dandelion offered protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
Key word: hepatotoxicity, dandelion, kidney and liver functions
REFERENCES
1. Abd El-latif B M. Improvement of some bakery products. Thesis Ph.D. Food Tech. Agric. Moshtohor, Zagazig Univ.; Egypt. 1990.
2. A.O.A.C. Official Methods of Analysis of Assoc. of official agricultural chemists. 12th edn. Washington; D. C. USA.1975.
3. A.O.A.C. Official Methods of Analysis of Assoc. of official agricultural chemists. 15th edn. Washington; D.C. USA. 1990.
4. Allain CZ, Poon LS, Chan CS. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 1974;20:470-5.
5. Baba K, Abe S, Mizuno D. Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum officinale-correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration. Yakugaku Zasshi 1981;101(6): 538–43.
6. Bohmer HBUM. Micro-determination of creatinine. Clin. Chem. Acta. 1971;32:81-5.
7. Bradley PR. British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1, pp. 73–5. Bournemouth, Dorset, UK: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992.
8. Burstein M. HDL cholesterol determination after separation high density lipoprotein. Lipid Res. 1970; 11:583.
9. Cho SY, Park JY, Park EM. Alternation of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by supplementation of dandelion water extract. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2002;317(1-2):109-17.
10. Drury RA, Wallington EA. Carton’s histological technique. 5th Oxford University, 1980.
11. Duke J. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.,1989, pp. 476-7.
12. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Enzymatic colorimetric method of determination of uric acid in serum. Clin. Chem. 1980;26(2):227-73.
13. Fossati P, Principe L. Enzymatic colorimetric method to determination triglycerides. Clin. Chem. 1982;28:2077.
14. Friedewald WT, Levey RI, Fredrickson DS. estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein separated by three different methods. Clin. Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
15. Grohmann K, Roser M, Rolinski B, Kadow I, Müller C, Graw A, Nauck M, Kuster H. Bilirubin Measurement for Neonates: Comparison of 9 Frequently Used Methods. Pediatrics 2006;117(4):1174-83
16. Haimin C, Xiaojun Y, Peng Z, Jing L. Antioxidant activity and Hepatoprotective potential of agaro-oligosaccharides in vitro and in vivo. J. Nutr. 2006; 5:3.
17. Hu C, Kitts DD. Antioxidant, prooxidant and cytotoxic activities of solvent fractionated dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extracts in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003;52:301-10.
18. Hu C, Kitts D. Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from dandelion flower suppress iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;265:107–13.
19. James AD. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. 1997.
20. Kemper KJ. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis) Longwood Herbal Task Force: 26, 1999, http://www.mcp.edu/herbal/default.htm
21. Kono Y. Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1978;186:189-95.
22. Kuusi T, Pyylaso H, Autio K. The bitterness properties of dandelion. II. Chemical investigations. Lebensm-Wiss Technol. 1985; 18:347-9.
23. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics. 2nd edn. pp. 205–6. NY: Wiley; New York, 1996.
24. Markell MS. Herbal Treatment for kidney disorders: cautions and possibilities. quarterly review of natural medicine. 1997, pp.189-200.
25. Murray MT. The healing power of herbs: the enlightened person’s guide to the wonders of medicinal plants. 2nd edn. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Publishing, 1995.
26. Murray MT. Dandelion: A dandy herb for the liver and digestive system. Health counselor, The American Botanical Council. 1996;8(1):37-8.
27. Murray MT, Pizzorno JE. Textbook of Natural Medicine. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999, pp.437-48.
28. Newall C, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines: A guide for health-care professionals. London, England; Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
29. Patton CJ, Crouch SR. enzymatic colorimetric method to determination urea in serum. Anal. Chem. 1977;49:464.
30. Ramsy WNM. Determination of iron and iron binding capacity. Clin. Chem. Act. 1957;2:221.
31. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahmy GC. Reported of the American institute of nutrition adhc Wriling committee on the reformulation of AIN-76 Rodent diet. J. Nutr. 1993;123:1939-51.
32. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum Reitman glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am. J. Clin. Path. 1957;28:56-63.
33. Salmond SES. Hepatic Herbs. Austr. J. Med. Herbal. 1997;9(1):14-8.
34. Saper RB, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(9):1731-8.
35. Seo SW, Koo HN, An HJ, Kwon KB, Lim BC, Seo EA. Taraxacum officinale protects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:597–9.
36. Sheehan D, Harpchak B. Phory and bractec histotechnology. 2nd edn. Battle-Press; Ohio, 1980.
37. Steel RG. Torri JH. Principle and procedures of statistical biometrical approach. 2nd edn. Pbi. Mc Grew Hill Book Company, New York, U.s.a, 1980.
38. Sumanth M, Rana AC. In vivo antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Taraxacum officinale roots in rats. Indian J. of Pharmacology.2006;38(1):54-5.
39. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989;10:69-73.
40. Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Tokuda H, Masuda K, Arai Y, Shiojima K. Ageta H. Anti-carcinogenic activity of Taraxacum plant. II. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1999;22(6):606–10.
41. Trojanova I, Rada V, Kokoska L, Vlkova E. The bifidogenic effect of Taraxacum officinale root. Fitoterapia, 2004;75:760–3.
42. Wang R, Kong J, Wang D, Lien L, Lien EJ. A survey of Chinese herbal ingredients with liver protection activities. Chinese Med. 2007;2(5), doi: 10.1186/1749-8546:2-5.
43. Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Boca raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994;pp.486–9.
44. Zaffani S, Cuzzolin L, Benoni G. Herbal products: behaviors and beliefs among Italian women. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15:354–9.